Baton of Field Marshal Maximllian Freiherr von Weichs (National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia)Irving showed a photograph of a general, I believe Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, reviewing his troops. He remarked, “He’s carrying his Field Marshal’s baton.”Keitel was head of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht), Hitler’s de facto war minister.The baton, “very heavy,” Irving explained, was a symbol of great authority that its holder carried on ceremonial occasions. A Field Marshal had “tenure,” and could not be fired. He was roughly the equivalent of an American five-star general.Intrigued by the brief reference to an item I’d never heard of, I peered at the photograph but couldn’t see it. “He’s holding it behind his back,” Irving said.
Wilhelm Keitel, R., with Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu. The two men were murdered after the war.
Antonescu is holding his Romanian Marshal’s baton.Keitel was hanged at Nuremberg in October 1946. Two US soldiers gloat over a stolen German baton. Br chopra mahabharat full torrent 2017.
Note facial features. All-American boys?The flourishing militaria market is top-heavy with fakes and frauds, especially where highly-prized German WWII items are concerned.Following the war, the firm of Otto Klein in Hanau, southern Germany—which had actually designed Field Marshal Walter Model’s genuine baton in 1944—is said to have manufactured fake batons. Klein allegedly produced copies—often more than one—of every single marshal’s baton, which sold for thousands of dollars apiece. Reportedly, the hollow center tube on Klein fakes is made from aluminum while originals were made from silver.While it was fascinating and educational to learn of the existence of an important accoutrement about which I knew nothing, examine photos of batons in ceremonial use, and read about their craftsmanship, design, and ornamentation, what remains most intriguing to me about the Marshal’s baton is its long history, and the intangible aura of myth, magic, and mystery that clung to it right through World War II.
The wand, or “magic wand,” I had not thought of, although I did think of the scepter. Both cases are in some sense no doubt analogous. See, e.g., which is suggestive.The actual analogy which sprang unbidden to my mind was the feudal conveyance of land through the ceremony known as livery of seisin.The grantor and grantee physically entered onto the land to be conveyed. The grantor symbolically delivered possession (ownership) of the land (more broadly, the “estate”) by handing a clod of earth, or a twig from a tree growing on it, to the grantee while intoning ritual words of grant. In feudal times, before written records, this was a major way land ownership (or tenure) was transferred.The ceremony was not solely personal—i.e., significant as between the grantor and the grantee—but also a social act. It was the legal method of transferring possession recognized by the entire community.Enough information about the military baton was not available for me to determine whether something similar occurred—explicitly or implicitly, consciously or unconsciously, formally (legally) or informally, or at some past time—with the handing over of the baton. But it seems highly likely.Analogously to livery of seisin, the baton seemed to be awarded upon attainment of the specified rank.
It was handed over (as seen in the newsreel footage), in personal, ceremonial fashion. The authority of the position apparently vested in the holder at or about the time of the ceremonial transfer. The baton, moreover, tangibly symbolized to the community at large the rank and authority of its holder.Observe how very few men in Germany possessed batons, and the associated rank and authority, in relation to the size of the general population, or even of the armed forces as a whole. This was an extremely elite group.In contrast, Napoleon’s martial English opponent, the Duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley), was awarded the rank of field marshal in the armies of eight European armies, each of which presented him with its own baton. This almost makes batons seem as if they were worth a dime a dozen.Then again, from the perspective of the grantor nations, that might not have been the case. Perhaps within each realm the granting of batons remained an extremely rare occurrence. Departments.
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Welcome toThis is a sub-reddit for Hearts of Iron 4. It is a general subreddit for the Grand Strategy Game from Paradox Interactive.Our Discord Address is:. Hover your mouse over any of the boxes below to view relevant information.RulesFor the full rules, click.Posts must be related to Hearts of Iron. Just the title of the post being relevant does not qualify.No memes, image macros, reaction pictures, or similar. Post those in.No links to pirated materials, pirated game mods, or key resellers. General discussion of piracy or leaked content is allowed.Adhere to the Reddit content policy and the reddiquette.Explain what you want people to look at when you post a screenshot. Explanations should be posted as a reddit comment - referencing the title is not enough.All giveaways, surveys, and petitions must be approved by the moderators first.
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When you promote a general to a field marshal he loses all of his experience. That being the case, why not just promote 5 people to field marshal from the start so that they get to keep all their combat experience? What is the point of having generals at all?
They are limited in the number of units they can control and when you need to promote them they lose all their exp? Why even have them? (This is a purely game mechanic query. I understand that in the real world every leader cannot be a field marshal . Generals can have different and more specific traits than Field Marshals.
For example, a Field Marshal can have organization first which gives +2% reinforce chance which is an overall trait. But a general may have Desert Fox which improves a unit's ability to fight and move in the desert.So a field Marshal you may want to have say against the entire soviet union as that is pretty diverse terrain.
Of course you should have generals interspersed. But for example if you're fighting in Africa you may just want a general who can lead desert troops.More info on the traits here.
Main article: ChinaDuring in China, different dynasty gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is “司馬” in Eastern Han dynasty, which literally means 'master of horse', and later became a two-character surname too. “司馬” is one of the Three Excellencies in Eastern Han, who is in charge of the country's military affairs.Later, a more common title for a field marshal or a commandant was (元帅 ) or (大元帅 da yuan shuai). One of the most famous of these generals was from the Song DynastyAfter the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, it has promoted 10 military commanders to the rank of marshal.EgyptField Marshal was President 's Defence Minister and, after Mubarak was forced from power in the, Chairman of the (thus de facto head of state). The current Minister of Defence is General Abdul Fattah Al SisiFrance.
Main article:, held the rank of a field marshal, or equivalent rank, in eight armies. Nine of his field marshal batons are on display in (see ).United StatesThe United States has never used the rank of field marshal; however, General was of the from August 24, 1936, until December 31, 1937.On December 14, 1944, Congress created the rank of ',' a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. A Washington columnist suggested (with ) that Marshall disliked the plan because five stars was the rank of field marshal and the Chief of Staff could then be addressed as “Marshal Marshall.” UgandaField Marshal was the military dictator and third President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somalia and Kenya.
Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.Other NationsReplica of the of1943-1991. (Austrian-Hungarian monarchy). (Croatia). (major general);.
(Germany). (Στρατάρχης) (Greece). Field marshal (South Africa). (Serbia). (Sweden).
(Thailand). (Turkey).See also.Notes.
Contents.Hiring Additional commanders can be recruited at a cost of 5 for each existing commander of the same type (admirals do not count when recruiting generals, or vice versa). Commanders cannot normally die or be dismissed, though some country-specific events will remove particular historical commanders.General Generals can command up to 24 effectively unless they are in ' mode, during which the limit is tripled to 72 divisions.
Above this limit, their bonuses and XP gain are reduced proportionally. The traits of generals are oriented towards specialization in different units (e.g., tanks, foot infantry), adverse terrain/climates and tactical situations (e.g., attacking forts).
Generals may be promoted to at the cost of and the temporary loss of one skill level.Field marshal A field marshal commands army groups, large formations comprised of several armies. A field marshal initially may command up to five armies; with the Expert Delegator trait, this limit can be increased to seven. Their traits give general bonuses, helping any kind of unit, such as, for example, +10% recovery rate, or increasing maximum army sizes. All armies assigned to the field marshal's army group receive these bonuses.They can still be used as generals, but their field marshal traits will be disabled when they aren't commanding an army group.Admiral Admirals can command up to 10. Above this limit, their bonuses and experience gain are reduced proportionally.Skill Commanders have a generic skill level and specialized skills for different aspects of warfare.
Only admirals gain immediate benefits from their generic level.commander skill levelsrequired experienceadmirallevelgeneral & field marshaladmiralhit chancecoordination1100100+5%+1%2300200+10%+3%3500400+15%+5%41000800+20%+7%515001600+25%+9%625003200+30%+00+35%+800+40%+5600+45%+18%When leveling up a commander gains three points in specialized skill, randomly distributed (many generals' traits skew the distribution). For generals and field marshals they are:. attack, increasing the damage done to enemy divisions.
defense, reducing damage taken. logistics, reducing supply consumption. planning, increasing the speed and value of plan preparationFor admirals:. attack, increasing the damage done to enemy ships by your weapons. defense, increasing ship armor and decreasing enemy damage. positioning, getting ships into and out of combat faster.
coordination, increasing hit chance and improving mission executionExperience. This section may contain outdated information that is inaccurate for the current of the game. The last version it was verified as up to date for was 1.6.Commanders gain experience when the units under their command engage in combat.
With enough experience, they will advance a skill level.For generals the amount of experience gained in each battle per hour depends on multiple factors:. The base value is 0.45. The number and size of actively fighting divisions under the general's command: Each division counts as 10%. Small divisions (.
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